拜登政府宣布了一项全面举措，在本周一，该措施旨在禁止在互联网连接的美国汽车上使用中国开发的软件，并且这一举动是基于国家安全的理由而做出的决策。此举目的是防止中国的间谍机构监视美国人的行踪或利用这些车辆的电子设备作为进入美国电网或其他关键基础设施的途径。
此举措很可能是拜登政府最后对来自中国的商品实施大规模限制的一环，它遵循了之前禁止华为电信设备以及针对在美港口运作的中国制造起重机的调查这一逻辑。此外，这个行动也增加了国会迫使TikTok切断与中国所有者联系的努力，这是美国政府防止被认为是重大网络脆弱点问题中的一项重要添加。
然而，这等于在美国和世界最大的经济体之间，开始实施数字铁幕政策，而在这两个国家还只有二十年前宣布互联网将把它们联合在一起时。根据官员们向记者介绍的情况，商务部推动的这项禁令是出于国家安全考虑而不是政治因素。在拜登总统卸任前（2024年1月20日），预计会将其正式化为永久规定。
今年年初，拜登政府宣布对中国的电动汽车加征100%关税，理由是中国汽车在国内受到巨大补贴，从而损害了美国的就业机会。这一举措值得注意的是，当时几乎还未有中国电动汽车进入美国市场，但总统明确将其视为保留美国工作岗位的方式。
国家安全顾问杰克·沙利文在周日的记者会上指出：“许多这些技术收集大量有关驾驶者的数据。”它们也持续连接至个人设备、其他车辆、美国关键基础设施以及车辆和部件的原始制造商。他进一步补充道：“因此，联网车辆及其使用的科技带来了新的脆弱性和威胁，尤其是对于由中国及其他关注国家开发的车辆或组件。”
沙利文还提到了美国对所谓“Volt Typhoon”的担忧——这是美国情报官员及联邦调查局认为的一个中国努力，目的是在电力系统、水管道和其他关键基础设施中植入代码。美国担心，在危机时刻（例如中国企图占领台湾）时，该代码可以被用于使美国军事基地瘫痪，从而减缓其反应速度。
除此之外，美国正在评估其他可采取软件和硬件规则的行业，这些规则类似于已针对中国汽车行业所提出的限制，但尚未有与之相同范围的影响计划。在对抗真实的及感知中的中国威胁上，民主党与共和党均表现出一致的支持，尽管许多对中国专家认为这种担忧可能过度了，并且伤害了美国消费者。不过，无论前总统唐纳德·特朗普是否重返白宫或是副总统卡玛拉·哈里斯当选为下任总统，专家们预计被禁止的中国进口物品种类增加以及对向北京出口的芯片和软件限制将加速发展。
负责《新美国家安全：亚洲及中国力量崛起》一书撰写的中心安全研究所首席执行官理查德·丰坦恩（Richard Fontaine）表示，这相当于美国努力在战略重要商品周围构建“高度封闭的小区域”的扩大。他说：“针对中国科技而言，明显‘小区域’正在不断增大，并且无论11月大选谁胜出，这一趋势将不会改变。”政策制定者普遍对中国的技术可能带来的国家安全风险感到越来越担忧，特别是在他们想象可能发生冲突的场景时。
按照提议的规定，这项禁令适用于所有在道路上行驶的轮式车辆，包括汽车、卡车和公共汽车。未用于公共道路的设备，如农业或采矿使用的车辆将被排除在外。
对联网和自动驾驶车辆中的中国或俄罗斯来源软件实施的禁令从2027年的车款开始实施；而禁止整合到车辆连接系统的硬件则自2030年车款起执行。
雷莫多承认目前美国道路上有很少的中国汽车，但她的团队希望采取先发制人的措施“为美国人民及其儿童提供安全保护”。她警告说，敌对国家可以利用他们的软件在联网汽车上收集有关驾驶员住址和子女上学地点等数据的信息。在这种极端情况下，一个敌对国家可能会关闭或接管在美国运营的所有车辆，导致车祸并堵塞道路。
她说：“这并不涉及贸易或经济优势。” “这完全是一个国家安全行动。”
这一提议源自今年2月拜登总统要求商务部调查嵌入中国车辆中的技术可能带来的威胁。该计划也遵循了拜登政府实施的针对中国汽车进口限制措施，官员们担心这些措施可能会削弱美国推动清洁能源产品本土生产的努力。
在5月，拜登政府将对中国的电动汽车关税从原来的水平提高至100%，旨在使这些汽车成本更高，并保护预计未来几年内将获得联邦补贴以用于部署更多电动汽车、太阳能和风能项目的美国制造商。作为激励公司部署更多电动汽车、太阳能和风电项目的支持措施，联邦政府提供有竞争力的税收抵免。
美国政府还在限制中国企业获取消费者可以用来抵消电动汽车成本的税务减免权益方面采取了行动。
新闻来源：www.nytimes.com
原文地址：Biden Administration Proposes Ban on Chinese Software in Vehicles
新闻日期：2024-09-23
原文摘要：
The Biden administration announced a sweeping initiative on Monday to ban Chinese-developed software from internet-connected cars in the United States, justifying the move on national security grounds. The action is intended to prevent Chinese intelligence agencies from monitoring the movements of Americans or using the vehicles’ electronics as a pathway into the U.S. electric grid or other critical infrastructure. The move, most likely the last major cutoff of Chinese products into the United States under the Biden administration, follows the same logic that resulted in the ban on Huawei telecommunications equipment and the investigations into Chinese-made cranes operating at American ports. Combined with the effort by Congress to force TikTok to cut its ties with its Chinese owners, the initiative is a major addition to the administration’s efforts to seal off what it views as major cybervulnerabilities for the United States. But the effort has, in effect, begun to drop a digital iron curtain between the world’s two largest economies, which only two decades ago were declaring that the internet would bind them together. Briefing reporters, administration officials said that national security concerns, not politics, drove the Commerce Department to propose the ban, which officials said would probably be made a permanent rule before President Biden leaves office on Jan. 20. This year, Mr. Biden announced 100 percent tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles, saying they were wildly subsidized in China. The announcement was notable because such cars had barely begun to enter the U.S. market — and Mr. Biden explicitly cast it as a way of keeping jobs in America. “Many of these technologies collect large volumes of information on drivers,” Jake Sullivan, Mr. Biden’s national security adviser, told reporters on Sunday. They also connect constantly with personal devices, with other cars, with U.S. critical infrastructure and with the original manufacturers of vehicles and components. He added: “And for that reason, connected vehicles and the technology they use bring new vulnerabilities and threats, especially in the case of vehicles or components developed in the P.R.C. and other countries of concern,” he said, using the initials for the People’s Republic of China. Mr. Sullivan made reference to the U.S. concerns about what is called Volt Typhoon, which American intelligence officials and the F.B.I. say is a Chinese effort to insert code into American power systems, water pipelines and other critical infrastructure. U.S. officials fear that in a time of crisis — for example, a Chinese effort to take Taiwan — the code could be deployed to cripple American military bases, slowing their response. While they are assessing other industries that could be subject to software and hardware rules similar to those proposed for the Chinese auto industry, officials said that none that they are now contemplating would have the reach of the Chinese automotive ban. Combating real and perceived Chinese threats is one of the few issues that have won both Democratic and Republican support, though many experts on China believe that the fear of Beijing has gone too far — and that it is also hurting American consumers. Nonetheless, whether former President Donald J. Trump is returned to the Oval Office or Vice President Kamala Harris is elected, experts believe that the expanding list of banned Chinese imports — and the restrictions on what kinds of chips and software can be exported to Beijing — will most likely only accelerate. Richard Fontaine, the chief executive of the Center for a New American Security who is an author of the recently published book “Lost Decade: The U.S. Pivot to Asia and the Rise of Chinese Power,” said in an interview that the move was an expansion of the U.S. effort to create a “high fence around a small yard” of strategically important goods. “On China tech, it’s clear that the ‘small yard’ is growing in size and will continue no matter who wins the election in November,” Mr. Fontaine said. “Policymakers of all stripes are increasingly worried about the national security risks that attend Chinese technology, particularly when they imagine what might happen in a confrontation.” Under the proposed rule, Russian software would also be included — though the Russians produce almost nothing that could be banned. “The precedent is significant, and I think it just reflects the complexities of a world where a lot of connected devices can be weaponized,” said Brad Setser, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. “The security competition and rivalry between the U.S. and China is increasing. So, certainly, there is a possibility that this precedent could expand over time.” Peter Harrell, who was previously the National Security Council’s senior director for international economics during the Biden administration, said federal officials could examine Chinese-made drones, which pose similar surveillance and safety risks. “This is likely to be opening the door, over a number of years, to a much broader governmental set of actions,” Mr. Harrell said. Although he said he was not sure whether the Biden administration would be able to get much more out the door before Mr. Biden’s term ended, he said the country would “likely see a continuation of this under either Trump or Harris.” The proposed ban would apply to all wheeled vehicles on the road, including cars, trucks and buses. It would exclude vehicles not used on public roads, like those for agriculture or mining. The ban on Chinese- or Russian-origin software in connected and autonomous vehicles would start in model year 2027. The proposed rule would also ban hardware integrated into vehicle connectivity systems beginning in model year 2030. Gina Raimondo, the commerce secretary, acknowledged that few Chinese or Russian vehicles were on U.S. roads now, but said that the administration wanted to take proactive measures to “secure the American people, including our children, from potential surveillance.” Ms. Raimondo said foreign adversaries could use their software in connected vehicles to collect data on where drivers live and where their children go to school, among other things. In an extreme situation, a foreign adversary could shut down or take control of all of its vehicles operating in the United States, a move that could cause crashes and block roads, Ms. Raimondo said. “This is not about trade or economic advantage,” Ms. Raimondo said on a call with reporters on Sunday. “This is a strictly national security action.” The proposed rule comes after Mr. Biden ordered the Commerce Department in February to open an investigation into the threat from technology embedded in Chinese vehicles. It also follows steps the Biden administration has taken to hinder imports of Chinese cars, which officials worry could undermine the administration’s efforts to ramp up the domestic manufacturing of clean energy products. In May, the Biden administration quadrupled tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles to 100 percent, an effort meant to make those vehicles more cost-prohibitive and to protect American automakers that are set to receive billions in federal subsidies. The federal government is offering lucrative tax credits and subsidies as incentives for companies to deploy more electric-vehicle, solar and wind projects. The initiative is expected to cost hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade. The administration has also moved to limit the ability of Chinese companies to benefit from tax credits that consumers can claim to help offset the cost of electric vehicles.
