中国已迈入实现其2030年前宇航员登月雄心壮志的关键一步，公开展示了专为预定的历史性任务设计的宇航服。在过去的周末里，由中国政府管理的空间事务机构——中国载人航天局（CMSA）揭示出了这身标志性的红白两色宇航服。据官方媒体报道指出，这款宇航服采用了高度定制化的设计以适应月球环境：如极端温差、辐射和尘埃，同时考虑到宇航员在月球表面执行任务时的身体灵活性。
为了在登月过程中保护并满足宇航员的需求，这身新的宇航装备内含集成的远近摄像系统、操作控制台以及能抵御强烈光线的防护面罩。央视（CCTV）发布的一段视频展示了备受关注的中国航天员翟志刚和王亚平演示了身穿该款宇航服执行弯腰与攀登梯子动作的情形，凸显出其设计的人体工程学考虑。
这一最新的科技进展已引发了国际社会的高度关注。特斯拉公司创始人埃隆·马斯克（Elon Musk）在社交平台X上分享了这段央视的视频，并在评论中对比了中国和美国在太空计划扩张速度上的差异。“而此时，在美国内，联邦航空管理局正被繁琐复杂的行政文件窒息。”他写道，似乎是在强调中国政府比美国更快地强化其航天事业。
近年来，随着NASA寻求通过外包方式推动外太空探索和后勤服务，SpaceX的命运以及马斯克的个人财富均得到了大幅提升。然而，马斯克在比较中美两国航天计划发展时可能意有所指的评论引起了关注。
值得一提的是，在中国持续致力于将自己塑造为太空领域主要参与者的同时，美国自1972年以来未再次派遣宇航员登月，而中国的目标是到2030年实现这一壮举。尽管NASA已经推迟了“阿特米斯”（Artemis）计划中第III阶段的任务原定时间，并表示最早要等到至少2026年9月才有可能发射。
在央视今年早些时候公布的宇航员登月舱原型——Embracing the Moon Land Lander中，展示了一款名为AxEMU的阿特米斯III任务宇航服样例。而最近公布的中国新宇航服则标志着国家载人航天计划的一大突破，专家强调了为适应月球环境所设计的特定宇航服与在国际空间站（Tiangong）执行太空行走任务时使用的装备存在差异。
由于月球缺乏大气层，暴露于太阳辐射和太空冷酷之中，其恶劣条件意味着温度差异极为显著：日间可达250°F（121°C），夜晚则骤降至-208°F (-133°C）。中国航天员研究中心副所长吴志强在央视的采访中阐述了宇航员在外层空间任务中的严峻挑战，强调了复杂的环境因素如真空、重力小、月尘、复杂地形、高低温以及强烈的辐射对工作与保护的重要性。
新宇航服的设计考虑不仅体现在其技术功能上，还注重美学效果。央视报道指出，手臂上红色的条纹灵感来源于中国西部敦煌古城中飞天女神的飘带设计；而腿部则模拟火箭发射时喷射火焰的形象，旨在让宇航员在月球登陆时显得更为神气、威严，展现中国航天人的强健与美丽。
同时，今年早些时候发布的载人登月任务飞船名称为“梦舟”（Mengzhou），陆地部分则命名为“揽月者”（Lanyue）。这些名字的设计作为更广泛的太空计划的一部分，旨在推进中国在月球南极建立国际级科研站的愿景，并将实现时间规划至2040年。
新闻来源：www.cnn.com
原文地址：China’s astronauts are aiming to land on the moon by 2030. They now have a new spacesuit to do it
新闻日期：2024-09-30
原文摘要：
China has taken a step forward in its ambitious plan to land astronauts on the moon by 2030 – unveiling the specially designed spacesuit its crew will don for what’s expected to be a landmark mission in the country’s space program. The new red-and-white suit – revealed by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) over the weekend – is made to withstand the moon’s extreme temperatures, as well as radiation and dust, while allowing astronauts physical flexibility to perform tasks on the lunar surface, according to state media. The moon-landing suit is equipped with a built-in long and short-range camera, an operations console, and a glare-proof helmet visor, according to a video shared by state broadcaster CCTV, which featured well-known Chinese astronauts Zhai Zhigang and Wang Yaping demonstrating how astronauts wearing the suit can bend and climb a ladder. The new technology has caught international attention. SpaceX CEO Elon Musk shared a post on the platform X featuring the CCTV video and his own caption. “Meanwhile, back in America, the [Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)] is smothering the national space program in kafkaesque paperwork!” he wrote, in an apparent reference to the perceived speed with which China has bolstered its space program relative to the US. CNN has reached out to FAA for comment. SpaceX’s fortunes – and Musk’s personal wealth – have been boosted in recent years by huge government contracts as NASA has sought to tap into the private sector on space exploration and logistics. Space leader China’s reveal of the moon-landing spacesuit comes as the country has mounted a significant effort to establish itself a major player in space – a domain that nations, including the United States, are increasingly looking to not only for scientific benefit, but also with an eye to resources and national security. The China National Space Administration has in recent years carried out a series of increasingly complex robotic lunar missions, including the first-ever return of lunar samples from the far side of the moon earlier this year. It has been angling to become the second country to land astronauts on the moon, saying its first crewed mission will take place “by 2030.” The US, which has not sent astronauts to the moon since 1972, is also planning to send a crew this decade, though it has delayed its initial timeline for its Artemis III mission. That mission will not take off until at least September 2026, NASA said earlier this year. The agency revealed a protoype of its Artemis III spacesuit prototype, the AxEMU, in 2023. China’s new spacesuit was hailed across state media as a major step forward in the country’s crewed mission timeline, with experts noting the need for specifically formulated suit for lunar conditions versus those used in spacewalks by astronauts at China’s Tiangong orbital space station. Thanks to its thin exosphere, the moon is an unforgiving place, exposed to both the sun’s rays and the cold of space. Temperatures near the Moon’s equator, for example, can spike to 250°F (121°C) in the day and then plunge at night to -208°F (-133°C), according to NASA. “Unlike low-Earth orbit missions, astronauts will be in a harsh natural lunar environment during lunar extravehicular activities. Complex environmental factors such as high vacuum and low gravity, lunar dust and lunar soil, complex lunar surface terrain, high and low temperatures, and strong radiation will have a significant impact on work and protection,” Wu Zhiqiang, deputy chief designer of astronaut systems at the China Astronaut Research and Training Center, told state broadcaster CCTV. Others also hailed the aesthetics of the suit, with state media describing the red stripes on its upper limbs are inspired by ribbons from the “flying apsaras,” or deities that appear in ancient art in western China’s Dunhuang city, while those on its lower limbs resembling “rocket launch flames.” Another designer, Wang Chunhui, told state media the suit’s proportions would make the astronauts “look more spirited and majestic” and “make us Chinese look strong and beautiful when we step on the moon.” Earlier this year, Chinese officials released the name of the spacecraft for the crewed lunar mission – with the spaceship dubbed Mengzhou, or Dream Vessel, the lander, Lanyue, or Embracing the Moon. The mission is designed as part of a broader set of lunar ambitions, which include China’s plans to establish an international lunar research station at the moon’s south pole by 2040.
