商务部周一宣布，正寻求禁止在美国销售搭载有中国及俄罗斯软硬件的连接式与自动驾驶汽车，旨在保护国家的安全以及美国驾驶者。
尽管目前美国路面上的中国汽车软件部署较少，但对硬件设备的担忧则更为复杂。因此，商务部官员表示，针对软件的禁令将于2027款车型生效，而对于硬件，则为2030款，或于2029年1月1日（对于没有年款车型的产品）生效。
商务部表示此行动是前瞻性的，但极其必要。因为车载麦克风、摄像头、GPS追踪及蓝牙技术等设施可能使美国人易受威胁，并且暴露个人信息，如驾驶者的家庭住址以及子女的学校位置等。
极端情况下，外国势力可能同时控制在美多辆运行车辆，导致碰撞或堵塞道路。美国商务部长盖娜·莱蒙多（Gina Raimondo）向记者解释道。
“这与贸易优势无关”，莱蒙多说，“这是纯粹为了国家安全采取的行动。好消息是，目前我们的公路上并没有大量中国或俄罗斯汽车。”
但莱蒙多认为，欧洲及其他地区迅速普及了中国汽车的情况应当为美国敲响警钟。
对使用软件驱动功能的中国汽车所引发的安全问题在欧洲已引起关注——在那里，中国汽车快速夺取市场份额，电车尤其受到青睐。欧洲理事会（European Council）的一位负责人Janka Oertel在其网站上写道：“控制数据流和软件更新的问题关系到国家安全、网络安全和个人隐私等重要事项。”
现代车辆已成为监控驾驶员与乘客行为以及跟踪周围环境的“移动平台”。
行政官员解释道，根据技术合同中的条款，汽车收集的数据最终将被导向中国。莱蒙多表示美国不打算等到道路上布满中、俄车才采取行动。
商务部宣布这一拟议规则旨在预防新的国家安全威胁，在中国或俄罗斯相关的供应商、汽车制造商及部件商成为美国汽车行业普遍现象之前，对此进行遏制。“这不只是关于贸易优势”，莱蒙多说，“而是直接与国家安全息息相关。”
何时中企饱和市场尚难预测，但商务部指出中国有进入美国市场的雄心，并有多家中国企业宣布进军汽车软件领域。
俄罗斯被纳入规定，因为其正试图“为汽车行业注入新活力”。商务部官员在电话会议期间表示。
此拟议规则禁止进口及销售使用了来自俄罗斯或中国的软件和硬件的车辆。这些装置允许车辆通过蓝牙、蜂窝网、卫星或Wi-Fi模块等外部通讯方式。同时亦禁售含有由中国或中国人民共和国制造的软件部件，这些部件共同使高度自动驾驶汽车能在无驾驶者的情况下运作。
该禁令适用于所有车型，但不包括在公共道路上使用的如农业机械和矿业车辆等特殊用途车辆。
美国各大汽车制造商表示支持商务部这一旨在确保国家安全的努力。然而现阶段，从中国引入至美国供应链的连接式车辆硬件及软件相对有限。
然而，《联盟》这一主要行业协会的一位负责人约翰·博泽拉（John Bozzella）指出：“不能一夜之间改变世界最复杂的供应链。”
商务部官员在制定此拟议规则期间与全球各大汽车公司进行了交流，以更好地了解供应链网络，并与其行业协会进行合作。目前公开评论期为30天后，待商务部最终确定新规则。
这项新规定紧随本月早些时候拜登政府打击中国低价产品的举措之后，特别是电动汽车的监管力度加大，旨在减少对北京的依赖并支持美国本土产业的成长。
由大卫·麦克休（David McHugh）与汤姆·克里舍（Tom Krisher）等AP商务记者撰稿。
新闻来源：www.abcnews.go.com
原文地址：Ban sought for Chinese, Russian tech used in autonomous vehicles on US roads
新闻日期：2024-09-23
原文摘要：
The Commerce Department said Monday it's seeking a ban on the sale of connected and autonomous vehicles in the U.S. that are equipped with Chinese and Russian software and hardware with the stated goal of protecting national security and U.S. drivers. While there is minimal Chinese and Russian software deployed in the U.S, the issue is more complicated for hardware. That’s why Commerce officials said the prohibitions on the software would take effect for the 2027 model year and the prohibitions on hardware would take effect for the model year of 2030, or Jan. 1, 2029, for units without a model year. The measure announced Monday is proactive but critical, the agency said, given that all the bells and whistles in cars like microphones, cameras, GPS tracking and Bluetooth technology could make Americans more vulnerable to bad actors and potentially expose personal information, from the home address of drivers, to where their children go to school. In extreme situations, a foreign adversary could shut down or take simultaneous control of multiple vehicles operating in the United States, causing crashes and blocking roads, U.S. Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo told reporters on a call Sunday. “This is not about trade or economic advantage,” Raimondo said. “This is a strictly national security action. The good news is right now, we don’t have many Chinese or Russian cars on our road." But Raimondo said Europe and other regions in the world where Chinese vehicles have become commonplace very quickly should serve as “a cautionary tale” for the U.S. Security concerns around the extensive software-driven functions in Chinese vehicles have arisen in Europe, where Chinese electric cars have rapidly gained market share. “Who controls these data flows and software updates is a far from trivial question, the answers to which encroach on matters of national security, cybersecurity, and individual privacy,” Janka Oertel, director of the Asia program at the European Council on Foreign Relations, wrote on the council’s website. Vehicles are now “mobility platforms” that monitor driver and passenger behavior and track their surroundings. A senior administration official said that it is clear from terms of service contracts included with the technology that data from vehicles ends up in China. Raimondo said that the U.S. won't wait until its roads are populated with Chinese or Russian cars. “We're issuing a proposed rule to address these new national security threats before suppliers, automakers and car components linked to China or Russia become commonplace and widespread in the U.S. automotive sector,” Raimondo said. It is difficult to know when China could reach that level of saturation, a senior adminstration official said, but the Commerce Department says China hopes to enter the U.S. market and several Chinese companies have already announced plans to enter the automotive software space. The Commerce Department added Russia to the regulations since the country is trying to “breathe new life into its auto industry,” senior administration officials said on the call. The proposed rule would prohibit the import and sale of vehicles with Russia and China-manufactured software and hardware that would allow the vehicle to communicate externally through Bluetooth, cellular, satellite or Wi-Fi modules. It would also prohibit the sale or import of software components made in Russia or the People's Republic of China that collectively allow a highly autonomous vehicle to operate without a driver behind the wheel. The ban would include vehicles made in the U.S. using Chinese and Russian technology. The proposed rule would apply to all vehicles, but would exclude those not used on public roads, such as agricultural or mining vehicles. U.S. automakers said they share the government's national security goal, but at present there is little connected vehicle hardware or software coming to the U.S. supply chain from China. Yet the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, a large industry group, said the new rules will make some automakers scramble for new parts suppliers. “You can't just flip a switch and change the world's most complex supply chain overnight,” John Bozzella, the alliance's CEO, said in a statement. The lead time in the new rules will be long enough for some automakers to make the changes, “but may be too short for others,” Bozzella said. Commerce officials met with all the major auto companies around the world while it drafted the proposed rule to better understand supply chain networks, according to senior administration officials, and also met with a variety of industry associations. The Commerce Department is inviting public comments, which are due 30 days after publication of a rule before it's finalized. That should happen by the end of the Biden Administration. The new rule follows steps taken earlier this month by the Biden administration to crack down on cheap products sold out of China, including electric vehicles, expanding a push to reduce U.S. dependence on Beijing and bolster homegrown industry. _____ AP Business Writers David McHugh in Frankfurt, Germany, and Tom Krisher in Detroit contributed to this report.
