美国商务部于周一宣布，将实施一项禁令，禁止在美国销售装备有中国和俄罗斯软件及硬件的联网自主车辆，旨在保障国家的安全与保护美国驾驶员的利益。
当前，在美使用中的中国和俄罗斯软件虽为数不多，但涉及到的硬件问题更为复杂。因此，这项针对软件的禁令将于2027款车型年生效；而针对硬件的限制，则将适用于2030款车型年，或是对于不标注车型年的车辆，禁令将于2029年1月1日起施行。
商务部表示，这一措施虽前瞻但至关重要。随着汽车中的麦克风、摄像头、GPS定位和蓝牙等技术的应用，这使美国公民更容易受到不良行为者的威胁，并可能泄露包括驾驶员的家庭住址、子女上学地点在内的个人信息。此外，在极端情况下，外国势力有可能同时控制多个在美国运营的车辆，引发碰撞事故或堵塞道路。
商务部秘书吉娜·雷蒙多对记者表示：“我们此举并非着眼于贸易优势，而是纯粹的国家安全行动。”她强调，当前，美国道路上还未出现大量中国与俄罗斯制造的汽车。
雷蒙多指出，欧洲及其他地区迅速成为中产车型消费市场的情况，为美国敲响了警钟。在软件驱动功能广泛应用的情况下，安全疑虑已引起欧洲关注：谁控制着这些数据流转和软件更新问题至关重要，这关系到国家安全、网络安全及个人隐私等多个层面。
汽车现在成为了“移动平台”，用于监控驾驶员与乘客的行为以及追踪其周边环境。据一位高级官员透露，根据技术使用条款合同中的规定，车辆产生的数据最终会流向中国。
雷蒙多表示美国不会等到路面上充斥着中国或俄罗斯制造的汽车才采取行动。“我们在制定一项拟议法规以解决新的国家安全威胁，确保与中国的关联企业、以及涉及俄罗斯和俄罗斯技术的汽车制造商在美广泛流通前就有所准备。”她说。
商务部指出，难以预知何时中国会在美国市场达到饱和状态。但据称，中国希望进入美国市场，而数家中国企业已宣布进军汽车行业软件领域。此外，商务部还因俄罗斯试图复兴其汽车产业，将其纳入了规定名单中。
拟议中的法规将禁止进口及销售搭载有中俄制造的软件与硬件（包括蓝牙、蜂窝电话、卫星或Wi-Fi模块）的车辆，以使车辆能够对外进行通信。禁令还将禁止销售或进口来自中国或俄罗斯的软件组件，这些组件合在一起可实现高度自动驾驶功能且无驾驶员驾驶。该禁令同样适用于在美国境内使用中俄技术制造的汽车。
这项法规将适用于所有车辆，但不包括用于非公共道路的如农业和矿业用车辆等特种设备。
美国主要汽车制造商表示，他们与政府在国家安全目标上一致，但由于目前中国硬件或软件产品并未大量进入美国供应链，这一禁令尚未造成直接影响。然而，《汽车行业联盟》负责人约翰·博泽拉在声明中指出：“你不能一夜之间改变世界最复杂的供应链。”
高级官员透露，在制定法规过程中，商务部已与全球各大汽车公司进行了沟通以了解其供应链情况，并与多个行业组织进行交流。
商务部欢迎公众提出意见，这将在规则公布后30天内截止。这一过程应会在拜登政府任期内完成。
此禁令的实施紧跟本月早些时候美国总统拜登采取的一系列举措，目标是打击来自中国的廉价产品销售，包括电动汽车等。此举旨在减少美国对北京的依赖并加强本土产业实力。
新闻来源：www.abcnews.go.com
原文地址：Biden administration seeks to ban Chinese, Russian tech in US autonomous vehicles
新闻日期：2024-09-23
原文摘要：
The Commerce Department said Monday it's seeking a ban on the sale of connected and autonomous vehicles in the U.S. that are equipped with Chinese and Russian software and hardware with the stated goal of protecting national security and U.S. drivers. While there is minimal Chinese and Russian software deployed in the U.S, the issue is more complicated for hardware. That’s why Commerce officials said the prohibitions on the software would take effect for the 2027 model year and the prohibitions on hardware would take effect for the model year of 2030, or Jan. 1, 2029, for units without a model year. The measure announced Monday is proactive but critical, the agency said, given that all the bells and whistles in cars like microphones, cameras, GPS tracking and Bluetooth technology could make Americans more vulnerable to bad actors and potentially expose personal information, from the home address of drivers, to where their children go to school. In extreme situations, a foreign adversary could shut down or take simultaneous control of multiple vehicles operating in the United States, causing crashes and blocking roads, U.S. Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo told reporters on a call Sunday. “This is not about trade or economic advantage,” Raimondo said. “This is a strictly national security action. The good news is right now, we don’t have many Chinese or Russian cars on our road." But Raimondo said Europe and other regions in the world where Chinese vehicles have become commonplace very quickly should serve as “a cautionary tale” for the U.S. Security concerns around the extensive software-driven functions in Chinese vehicles have arisen in Europe, where Chinese electric cars have rapidly gained market share. “Who controls these data flows and software updates is a far from trivial question, the answers to which encroach on matters of national security, cybersecurity, and individual privacy,” Janka Oertel, director of the Asia program at the European Council on Foreign Relations, wrote on the council’s website. Vehicles are now “mobility platforms” that monitor driver and passenger behavior and track their surroundings. A senior administration official said that it is clear from terms of service contracts included with the technology that data from vehicles ends up in China. Raimondo said that the U.S. won't wait until its roads are populated with Chinese or Russian cars. “We're issuing a proposed rule to address these new national security threats before suppliers, automakers and car components linked to China or Russia become commonplace and widespread in the U.S. automotive sector,” Raimondo said. It is difficult to know when China could reach that level of saturation, a senior adminstration official said, but the Commerce Department says China hopes to enter the U.S. market and several Chinese companies have already announced plans to enter the automotive software space. The Commerce Department added Russia to the regulations since the country is trying to “breathe new life into its auto industry,” senior administration officials said on the call. The proposed rule would prohibit the import and sale of vehicles with Russia and China-manufactured software and hardware that would allow the vehicle to communicate externally through Bluetooth, cellular, satellite or Wi-Fi modules. It would also prohibit the sale or import of software components made in Russia or the People's Republic of China that collectively allow a highly autonomous vehicle to operate without a driver behind the wheel. The ban would include vehicles made in the U.S. using Chinese and Russian technology. The proposed rule would apply to all vehicles, but would exclude those not used on public roads, such as agricultural or mining vehicles. U.S. automakers said they share the government's national security goal, but at present there is little connected vehicle hardware or software coming to the U.S. supply chain from China. Yet the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, a large industry group, said the new rules will make some automakers scramble for new parts suppliers. “You can't just flip a switch and change the world's most complex supply chain overnight,” John Bozzella, the alliance's CEO, said in a statement. The lead time in the new rules will be long enough for some automakers to make the changes, “but may be too short for others,” Bozzella said. Commerce officials met with all the major auto companies around the world while it drafted the proposed rule to better understand supply chain networks, according to senior administration officials, and also met with a variety of industry associations. The Commerce Department is inviting public comments, which are due 30 days after publication of a rule before it's finalized. That should happen by the end of the Biden Administration. The new rule follows steps taken earlier this month by the Biden administration to crack down on cheap products sold out of China, including electric vehicles, expanding a push to reduce U.S. dependence on Beijing and bolster homegrown industry. _____ AP Business Writers David McHugh in Frankfurt, Germany, and Tom Krisher in Detroit contributed to this report.
