美国商务部正寻求禁止销售在美路上行驶的联网与自动驾驶汽车，这些车辆搭载有中国或俄罗斯的软硬件。此举旨在保护国家安全及美国驾驶员，并强调了所有如麦克风、摄像头、GPS追踪和蓝牙技术等车载功能都可能使美国民众面临更多安全风险，并潜在泄露个人信息至驾驶地址、学校等处。
商务部表示，此举措是前瞻性的且关键之举，鉴于汽车上所有这些技术设备有可能使美国公民成为不良行为者的攻击目标。极端情况下，外国势力或许能够同时控制数辆在美国运营的车辆，引发碰撞并堵塞道路。
雷蒙多部长在周日召开的记者会上指出：“这与贸易或经济优势无关，而是纯粹关乎国家安全。幸运的是，目前我们道路上并未见到大量中国或俄罗斯汽车。”
她补充道，中国在欧美等地区迅速普及的车辆，应当为美国敲响警钟。
针对中国车辆软件驱动功能广泛性引发的安全疑虑，在欧洲同样成为问题所在，尤其是在中国电动汽车市场份额快速攀升时，这些疑虑尤为凸显。欧洲理事会亚洲项目主任Janka Oertel在其网站上指出，“控制这些数据流动与更新软件的权限关系到国家安全、网络安全及个人隐私等重大事项”。
现今汽车已不再是单纯的交通工具，它们监控驾驶员和乘客的行为，并记录其周围环境。
商务部高级官员表示，据技术使用条款显示，从车辆收集的数据最终会流往中国。雷蒙多指出，美国不会等到道路上充斥着中国或俄罗斯的汽车才行动。
“我们正制定一项草案法规，以在供应商、制造商及与中俄有关联的汽车组件普遍进入美国汽车产业之前解决这些新的国家安全威胁。”她说。
商务部表示，很难预知何时中国车辆会饱和于市场，但已有数家中国企业宣布计划进军车载软件领域。同时，俄罗斯被纳入规定名单是因为该国试图复兴其汽车行业。
拟议法规禁止进口及销售搭载有中俄生产软件和硬件的汽车，这些部件允许车辆通过蓝牙、蜂窝网络、卫星或WiFi模块与外部通讯；同时也禁止销售或进口集中国内或中国政府制作的软件组件，并使高度自动化的车辆无需驾驶员即能运作。此禁令同样适用于在美制造使用中俄技术的车辆。
法规涵盖所有车辆，但排除了如农业或矿业用车等非道路使用的车辆。
商务部官员表示，在全球范围与各大汽车制造商合作制定此法规草案过程中，他们深入了解了供应链网络，并亦与各行业组织进行了交流。尽管当前美国境内较少部署中国或俄罗斯软件，硬件相关问题更加复杂。因此，对于软件的禁令将从2027款车型生效，而对硬件的禁令则于2030款车型启动；对于无生产日期的单位，则在2029年1月1日执行。
商务部正在邀请公众提供意见，截止时间为法规正式发布后三十天内。预计此新规则将在拜登政府任期内最终确定并实施。
此次举措紧随本月初拜登政府对来自中国（包括电动汽车）的廉价产品的打压行动，旨在减少美国对中国依赖、强化国内产业的竞争策略。
新闻来源：www.abcnews.go.com
原文地址：Ban sought for Chinese, Russian software and hardware used in autonomous vehicles on US roads
新闻日期：2024-09-23
原文摘要：
A ban on the sale of connected and autonomous vehicles in the U.S. that are equipped with Chinese and Russian software and hardware is being sought by the U.S. Commerce Department, with the stated goal of protecting national security and U.S. drivers. The measure announced Monday is proactive but critical, the agency said, given that all the bells and whistles in cars like microphones, cameras, GPS tracking and Bluetooth technology could make Americans more vulnerable to bad actors and potentially expose personal information, from the home address of drivers, to where their children go to school. In extreme situations, a foreign adversary could shut down or take simultaneous control of multiple vehicles operating in the United States, causing crashes and blocking roads, U.S. Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo told reporters on a call Sunday. “This is not about trade or economic advantage,” Raimondo said. “This is a strictly national security action. The good news is right now, we don’t have many Chinese or Russian cars on our road." But Raimondo said Europe and other regions in the world where Chinese vehicles have become commonplace very quickly should serve as “a cautionary tale” for the U.S. Security concerns around the extensive software-driven functions in Chinese vehicles have arisen in Europe, where Chinese electric cars have rapidly gained market share. “Who controls these data flows and software updates is a far from trivial question, the answers to which encroach on matters of national security, cybersecurity, and individual privacy,” Janka Oertel, director of the Asia program at the European Council on Foreign Relations, wrote on the council’s website. Vehicles are now “mobility platforms” that monitor driver and passenger behavior and track their surroundings. A senior administration official said that it is clear from terms of service contracts included with the technology that data from vehicles ends up in China. Raimondo said that the U.S. won't wait until its roads are populated with Chinese or Russian cars. “We're issuing a proposed rule to address these new national security threats before suppliers, automakers and car components linked to China or Russia become commonplace and widespread in the U.S. automotive sector,” Raimondo said. It is difficult to know when China could reach that level of saturation, a senior adminstration official said, but the Commerce Department says China hopes to enter the U.S. market and several Chinese companies have already announced plans to enter the automotive software space. The Commerce Department added Russia to the regulations since the country is trying to “breathe new life into its auto industry,” senior administration officials said on the call. The proposed rule would prohibit the import and sale of vehicles with Russia and China-manufactured software and hardware that would allow the vehicle to communicate externally through Bluetooth, cellular, satellite or Wi-Fi modules. It would also prohibit the sale or import of software components made in Russia or the People's Republic of China that collectively allow a highly autonomous vehicle to operate without a driver behind the wheel. The ban would include vehicles made in the U.S. using Chinese and Russian technology. The proposed rule would apply to all vehicles, but would exclude those not used on public roads, such as agricultural or mining vehicles. Commerce officials met with all the major auto companies around the world while it drafted the proposed rule to better understand supply chain networks, according to senior administration officials, and also met with a variety of industry associations. While there is minimal Chinese and Russian software deployed in the U.S, the issue is more complicated for hardware. That's why Commerce officials said the prohibitions on the software would take effect for the 2027 model year and the prohibitions on hardware would take effect for the model year of 2030, or Jan. 1, 2029, for units without a model year. The Commerce Department is inviting public comments, which are due 30 days after publication of a rule before it's finalized. That should happen by the end of the Biden Administration. The new rule follows steps taken earlier this month by the Biden administration to crack down on cheap products sold out of China, including electric vehicles, expanding a push to reduce U.S. dependence on Beijing and bolster homegrown industry. _____ AP Business Writer David McHugh contributed to this story from Frankfurt, Germany.
